Quantitative impact assessment of spray coverage and pest behavior on contact pesticide performance

BACKGROUND: Standard procedures for evaluation of pesticide performance do not take into account pest behavioral response or incomplete spray coverage. In this study, a series of laboratory experiments was conducted with two non‐systemic miticides (propargite and hexythiazox) applied to cotyledon cotton plants, which were subsequently infested with spider mites. The results of these laboratory experiments are discussed through a comprehensive pest population dynamics model. RESULTS: When cotton leaves were submerged in miticide solutions, both miticides provided effective control of spider mites. In a two‐choice test it was demonstrated that propargite was repellent to spider mites, but not hexythiazox. Finally, the spray coverage on cotton plants was varied, and, for both miticides, significantly positive relationships between spray coverage and spider mite mortality were shown. However, propargite required higher spray coverage (20%) than hexythiazox (10%) to control spider mites. A theoretical model showed that, without repellency, the pesticide performance is positively correlated with target pest mobility. If the pesticide is repellent, the probability of exposure decreases, especially for a less mobile pest. CONCLUSION: With an experimental and theoretical modeling approach, it was demonstrated how the combination of behavioral avoidance and low spray coverage can markedly reduce pesticide performance. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

七种药剂对朱砂叶螨室内毒力测定及田间药效试验

用7种药剂对蔬菜上朱砂叶螨的室内毒力和田间药效进行测定。结果表明:7种药剂中杀螨活性最高的是抗生素类-阿维菌素和甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐,24h时LC50分别为0.1300和0.7118mg/L;唑螨酯和哒螨灵的效果次之,LC50分别为1.4808和3.1586mg/L;螺螨酯的敏感性最低,24h时LC50为1 181.4348mg/L;田间试验结果表明:1.8%阿维菌素乳油、1%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油和15%哒螨灵乳油对朱砂叶螨的防效都非常好,2d的防效均达98%以上,14d的防效为100%。40%炔螨特乳油和5%唑螨酯悬浮剂在药后7和14d的防效达99%以上;240g/L螺螨酯悬浮剂表现出速效性稍低,持效性良好,药后14d防效为99.94%。     

噻虫嗪与氯虫苯甲酰胺对非靶标害虫土耳其斯坦叶螨生长发育的影响

【目的】 研究噻虫嗪与氯虫苯甲酰胺两种药剂,对非靶标害虫土耳其斯坦叶螨生长发育及种群参数的影响。【方法】 采用玻片浸渍法、叶碟法,研究土耳其斯坦叶螨对两种药剂的敏感性、生命参数变化。【结果】 经氯虫苯甲酰胺和噻虫嗪处理的土耳其斯坦叶螨成螨死亡率与对照均无明显差异;氯虫苯甲酰胺处理叶螨成螨后,次代除若Ⅱ期外,未成熟期的存活率均高于对照,而噻虫嗪处理时,次代若Ⅱ期的存活率高于对照,卵期、幼螨期和若Ⅰ期的存活率低于对照;经氯虫苯甲酰胺处理后,与对照和噻虫嗪处理相比,产卵前期明显缩短,世代显著延长,且日产卵量显著增多;氯虫苯甲酰胺处理的种群净增殖率R₀ 、内禀增长率r_m 、周限增长率λ比对照和噻虫嗪处理增大,而施用噻虫嗪的叶螨平均世代历期T、种群加倍时间t比对照和施用氯虫苯甲酰胺延长。【结论】 氯虫苯甲酰胺有刺激土耳其斯坦叶螨增长的作用,而噻虫嗪无影响。     

木薯叶片厚度、蜡质含量和气孔密度与抗朱砂叶螨的关系

为明确不同木薯品种的叶片组织结构与抗朱砂叶螨的关系,通过对木薯田间螨害情况的调查,计算出感、抗性稳定的感螨品种华南101、华南124和抗螨品种华南7号、华南13号的螨害指数,同时对叶片的相关物理性状进行测定,分析了叶片厚度、蜡质含量和气孔密度与木薯抗朱砂叶螨的关系。结果表明:4份木薯种质华南101、华南124、华南7号和华南13号的螨害指数依次为89.2%、65.8%、38.3%和0.8%;木薯叶片厚度与螨害指数呈显著负相关;气孔密度与螨害指数呈显著正相关;蜡质含量与螨害指数无显著相关性。上述结果为深入探究木薯抗螨机制提供了初步的理论基础。     

木薯不同品种朱砂叶螨抗性与其叶片内含物的关系

为揭示木薯抗朱砂叶螨机理,以2个木薯品种‘新选048’和‘桂热4号’为材料,在朱砂叶螨发生危害时期,观察不同木薯品种受害程度并对其抗螨性进行鉴定,测定叶片单宁、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸及叶绿素的含量,分析各生理指标与朱砂叶螨危害程度的关系。结果表明,‘新选048’对朱砂叶螨的抗性优于‘桂热4号’。不同木薯品种,叶片单宁、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸及叶绿素含量不同;‘新选048’叶片单宁及叶绿素含量均高于‘桂热4号’,而可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸含量则反之;螨害指数与单宁含量、叶绿素含量呈极显著负相关,与可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸含量呈极显著正相关。木薯抗螨性与叶片中的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸、单宁、叶绿素含量密切相关,这些指标可作为木薯对朱砂叶螨抗性评价的主要指标。     

截形叶螨危害下枣叶片叶绿素含量高光谱估算模型

以不同截形叶螨(Tetranychus truncatus Ehara)危害等级下枣叶片高光谱和叶绿素含量数据为基础,分析不同截形叶螨危害等级(0级、1级、2级、3级、4级)下枣叶片高光谱特征,构建基于一阶微分光谱的不同截形叶螨危害等级枣叶片叶绿素含量高光谱线性回归估测模型。结果表明:截形叶螨危害造成叶片中叶绿素含量减少,导致光谱反射率降低,表现为随危害等级的增加叶绿素含量呈逐级减少趋势。在不同截形叶螨危害等级枣叶片叶绿素估测模型中,危害等级为0级时,模型拟合度最好,达到0.810,表明利用高光谱数据构建不同危害等级枣叶片叶绿素含量估算模型具有一定的潜力,对危害植被叶片的虫害诊断意义重大。